INFORMATION-LEAKAGE-FREE QUANTUM DIALOGUE VIA GREENBERGER-HORNE-ZEILINGER STATES
Main Article Content
Abstract
Secure communication in general and secure dialogue in particular are highly demanded, especially in the current information exploding era. Here we are concerned with secure dialogue. Because any dialogue conducted merely by classical means is fully eavesdropped without traces left behind, quantum version of dialogue, the so-called quantum dialogue, offers a promising solution to the security problem. The security desired does not simply focus on the exchanged information but also on their classical correlations, i.e., a quantum dialogue protocol should be protected from both information theft and information leakage. Such a secure quantum dialogue protocol is proposed in this paper employing Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states as the quantum channel. The above-mentioned requirement for security is achieved in message rounds by using extra random bits for the encoding/decoding processes combined with two kinds of control rounds which are designed to detect eavesdropping, if any.
Article Details
Keywords
Quantum dialogue, GHZ states, information leakage
References
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[34] Zhou N. R., Hua T. X., Wu G. T., He C. S. and Zhang Y., SinglePhoton Secure Quantum Dialogue Protocol Without Information Leakage, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 53 (2014), 3829.
[35] Huang L. Y. and Ye T. Y., A Kind of Quantum Dialogue Protocols Without Information Leakage Assisted by Auxiliary Quantum Operation, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 54 (2015), 2494.
[36] Liu Z. H., Chen H. W. and Liu W. J., Information Leakage Problem in Efficient Bidirectional Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Single Photons in Both Polarization and Spatial-Mode Degrees of Freedom, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 55 (2016), 4681.
[37] Liu Z. H. and Chen H. W., Cryptanalysis and improvement of efficient quantum dialogue using entangled states and entanglement swapping without information leakage, Quantum Information Processing, 16 (2017), 229.
[38] Wang H., Zhang Y. Q.., Wu G. F. and Ma H., Authenticated Quantum Dialogue Without Information Leakage, Chinese Journal of Electronics, 27 (2018), 270.
[39] Ye T. Y., Li H. K. and Hu J. L., Information leakage resistant quantum dialogue with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom, Quantum Information Processing, 20 (2021), 209.
[40] Basak J., Maitra A. and Maitra S., Improved and practical proposal for measurement device independent quantum dialogue, Quantum Information Processing, 20 (2021), 361.
[41] Greenberger D.M., HorneM. A., Zeilinger A., in M. Kafatos (ed.): Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory, and Conceptions of the Universe (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1989, 73{76).
[42] Dur W. Vidal G. and Cirac I. I., Three qubits can be entangled in two inequivalent ways, Physical Review A, 62 (2000), 062314.
[2] Bennett C. H., Brassard G., Crépeau C., Jozsa R., Peres A. and Wootters W. K., Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels, Physical Review Letters, 70 (1993), 1895.
[3] Bennett C. H. and Wiesner S., Communication via one and two particle operators on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen states, Physical Review Letters, 69 (1992), 2881.
[4] Hillery M., Buzek V. and Berthiaume A., Quantum secret sharing, Physical Review A, 59 (1999), 1829.
[5] Bennett C. H., DiVincenzo D. P., Shor P. W., Smolin 0J. A., Terhal B. M. and Wootters W. K., Remote state preparation, Physical Review Letters, 87 (2001), 077902.
[6] Nguyen B. A. and Kim J., Joint remote state preparation, Journal of Physics B, 41 (2008), 095501.
[7] Shannon C., Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, Bell System Technical Journal, 28 (1949), 656.
[8] Rivest R., Shamir A. and Adleman L., A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems, Communications of the ACM, 21 (1978), 120.
[9] Bennett C. H. and Brassard G., Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, 175 (1984), 8.
[10] Ekert A., Quantum cryptography based on Bell's theorem, Physical Review Letters, 67 (1991), 661.
[11] Long G. L. and Liu X. S., Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum key-distribution scheme, Physical Review A, 65 (2002), 032302.
[12] Bostrom K. and Felbinger T., Deterministic secure direct communication using entanglement, Physical Review Letters, 89 (2002), 187902.
[13] Li X. H., Li C. Y., Deng F. G., Zhou P., Liang Y. J. and Zhou H. Y., Quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption based on pure entangled states, Chinese Physics, 16 (2007), 2149.
[14] Sun Z. W., Du R. G. and Long D. Y., Quantum secure direct communication with two-photon fourqubit cluster states, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 51 (2012), 1946.
[15] Liu D., Chen J. L. and Jiang W., High-capacity quantum secure direct communication with single photons in both polarization and spatial mode degrees of freedom, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 51 (2012), 2923.
[16] Nguyen B. A., Quantum dialogue, Physics Letters A, 328 (2004), 6.
[17] Nguyen B. A., Secure Dialogue Without a Prior Key Distribution, Journal of Korean Physical Society, 47 (2005), 562.
[18] Jina X. R., Jia X., Zhang Y. Q., Zhang S., Hong S. K., Yeon K. H. and Um C. I., Three-party quantum secure direct communication based on GHZ states, Physics Letters A, 354 (2006), 67.
[19] Ji X. and Zhang S., , Chinese Physics, 15 (2006), 1418. [20] Man Z. X., Xia Y. J. and Nguyen B. A., Quantum secure direct communication by using GHZ states and entanglement swapping, Journal of Physics B, 39 (2006), 3855.
[21] Yang Y. G. and Wen Q. Y., Quasi-secure quantum dialogue using single photons, Science in China Series G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 50 (2007), 558.
[22] Xia Y., Song J.and Song H. S., Quantum dialogue using nonmaximally entangled states based on entanglement swapping, Physica Scripta, 76 (2007), 363.
[23] Shan C. J., Liu J. B., Cheng W. W., Liu T. K., Huang Y. X. and Li H., Bidirectional quantum secure direct communication in driven cavity QED, Modern Physics Letters B, 23 (2009), 3225. [24] Dong L., Xiu X. M., Gao Y. J. and Chi F., Quantum dialogue protocol using a class of three-photon W states, Communications in Theoretical Physics, 52 (2009), 853.
[25] Yin A. H.and Tang Z. H., Two-step efficient quantum dialogue with three-particle entangled W state, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 53 (2014), 2760.
[26] Nguyen B. A., Quantum dialogue by nonselective measurements, Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 9 (2018), 025001.
[27] Nguyen B. A., Quantum dialogue mediated by EPR-type entangled coherent states, Quantum Information Processing, 20 (2021), 100.
[28] Gao F., Guo F. Z., Wen Q. Y. and Zhu F. C., Revisiting the security of quantum dialogue and bidirectional quantum secure direct communication, Science in China Series G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 51 (2008), 559.
[29] Tan Y. G. and Cai Q. Y., Classical correlation in quantum dialogue, International Journal of Quantum Information, 6 (2008), 325.
[30] Gao G., Two quantum dialogue protocols without information leakage, Optics Communications, 283 (2010), 2288.
[31] Wang H., Zhang Y. Q. and Hu Y. P., Efficient quantum dialogue by using the two-qutrit entangled states without information leakage, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 52 (2013), 1745.
[32] Zhou N. R., Wu G. T., Gong L. H. and Liu S. Q., Secure quantum dialogue protocol based on W states without information Leakage, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 52 (2013), 3204.
[33] Ye T. Y., Quantum Dialogue Without Information Leakage Using a Single Quantum Entangled State, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 53 (2014), 3719.
[34] Zhou N. R., Hua T. X., Wu G. T., He C. S. and Zhang Y., SinglePhoton Secure Quantum Dialogue Protocol Without Information Leakage, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 53 (2014), 3829.
[35] Huang L. Y. and Ye T. Y., A Kind of Quantum Dialogue Protocols Without Information Leakage Assisted by Auxiliary Quantum Operation, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 54 (2015), 2494.
[36] Liu Z. H., Chen H. W. and Liu W. J., Information Leakage Problem in Efficient Bidirectional Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Single Photons in Both Polarization and Spatial-Mode Degrees of Freedom, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 55 (2016), 4681.
[37] Liu Z. H. and Chen H. W., Cryptanalysis and improvement of efficient quantum dialogue using entangled states and entanglement swapping without information leakage, Quantum Information Processing, 16 (2017), 229.
[38] Wang H., Zhang Y. Q.., Wu G. F. and Ma H., Authenticated Quantum Dialogue Without Information Leakage, Chinese Journal of Electronics, 27 (2018), 270.
[39] Ye T. Y., Li H. K. and Hu J. L., Information leakage resistant quantum dialogue with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom, Quantum Information Processing, 20 (2021), 209.
[40] Basak J., Maitra A. and Maitra S., Improved and practical proposal for measurement device independent quantum dialogue, Quantum Information Processing, 20 (2021), 361.
[41] Greenberger D.M., HorneM. A., Zeilinger A., in M. Kafatos (ed.): Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory, and Conceptions of the Universe (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1989, 73{76).
[42] Dur W. Vidal G. and Cirac I. I., Three qubits can be entangled in two inequivalent ways, Physical Review A, 62 (2000), 062314.