SEVERAL INFLUENTIAL FACTORS LEADING TO PARENTAL BURN-OUT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Main Article Content
Abstract
Covid-19 has been considered a disaster for human-beings worldwide and left negative impacts on the economy, the society as well as families. In situations of social distancing for disease prevention, children have to stay at home and study online, thus their parents tend to suffer from parental burn- out for having to play multiple roles: they simultaneously work to earn a living and take part in caring for and educating children. Using methods of material research, this paper aims at clarifying contents of certain published studies on factors leading to parental burn-out during the Covid-19 pandemic which involve 4 groups, namely: 1) Research on effects of social demographics factors such as being single mother, parents having children with special needs, number of children; 2) Research on effects of economic factors such as parents being unemployed, without stable income and having reduced salary; 3) Research on considerable effects of household-scale factors such as parents with heavy housework, parents’ responsibilities and roles in taking care of and educating children; 4) Research on effects of psychosocial factors such as culture, lifestyle and social relationships. This research results put forward a number of suggestions about the contents for further studies.
Article Details
Keywords
Kiệt sức làm cha mẹ, Đại dịch Covid-19, Yếu tố ảnh hưởng
References
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[36] Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K., (2020), Risk factors for parental burnout among Finnish parents: The role of socially prescribed perfectionism, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(3), 648-659.
[37] Séjourné, N., Sanchez-Rodriguez, R., Leboullenger, A., & Callahan, S., (2018), Maternal burn-out: an exploratory study, Journal of reproductive and infant psychology, 36(3), 276-288.
[38] Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M., (2020), Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1713.
[39] Syazwani Aniyah Manja, Iylia Mohamad, Hazhari Ismail, Nurul Izzah Yusof, (2020), Covid-19: The Investigation On The Emotional Parental Burnout During Movement Control Order In Malaysia, European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020, 7/2 4912-4929.
[40] Taub, A., (2020), A new Covid-19 crisis: Domestic abuse rises worldwide, The New York Times, 6, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/ world/coronavirus-domestic-violence.html
[41] Tesson, S., Swinsburg, D., & Kasparian, N. A., (2021), Maintaining momentum in infant mental health research during COVID-19: Adapting observational assessments, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 46(3), 254-263.
[42] UNESCO, (2020), COVID-19 impact on education, Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/ covid19/educationresponse
[43] Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N., (2020), The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 315.
[44] Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F., (2020), Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak, The Lancet, 395(10228), 945-947.
[2] Phạm Trương Hoàng, Ngô Đức Huy, Trần Đức Anh, (2020), Tác động của đại dịch Covid-19 đến ngành du lịch Việt Nam và những giải pháp ứng phó, Tạp chí Kinh Tế và Phát triển, 274(4), 43-53.
[3] Abidin, R. R., (1990), Parenting stress index-short form. Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric psychology press, 118.
[4] Aguiar, J., Sequeira, C. F., Matias, M., Coimbra, S., & Fontaine, A. M., (2020), Gender and perception of justice in housework division between unemployed spouses, Journal of Family Issues, 42(6), 1217–1233, https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0192513X20942823.
[5] Aguiar, J., Matias, M., Braz, A. C., César, F., Coimbra, S., Gaspar, M. F., & Fontaine, A. M., (2021), Parental Burnout and the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Portuguese Parents Experienced Lockdown Measures, Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Science, https://doi.org/10.1111/ fare.12558.
[6] Alon, T. M., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M., (2020), The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality, No. w26947, National Bureau of economic research.
[7] Brown, N. D., (2016), Ending the Parent- Teen Control Battle: Resolve the Power Struggle and Build Trust, Responsibility, and Respect, New Harbinger Publications, h t t p s : / / w w w. m o n a r c h - t h e ra p y. u s / uploads/1/1/6/2/116245417/ending_the_ parent-teen_control_battle.pdf.
[8] Catalyst, (2020), The impact of Covid-19 on working parents, Workplaces that work for women, https://www.catalyst.org/research/ impact-covid-working-parents/
[9] César, F., Oliveira, A., & Fontaine, A. M., (2020), Mães cuidadoras, pais imperfeitos: diferenças de género numa revista portuguesa para mães e pais [Caring mothers, imperfect fathers: Gender differences in a Portuguese magazine for mothers and fathers], Ex aequo, 41, 179–194, https://doi.org/10 .22355/ exaequo.2020.41.11.
[10] Cheng, H., Wang, W., Wang, S., Li, Y., Liu, X., & Li, Y., (2020), Validation of a Chinese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment, Frontiers in psychology, 11, 321.11:48.
[11] Colizzi, M., Sironi, E., Antonini, F., Ciceri, M. L., Bovo, C., & Zoccante, L., (2020), Psychosocial and behavioral impact of COVID-19 in autism spectrum disorder: an online parent survey, Brain sciences, 10(6), 341.
[12] Craig, L., & Churchill, B., (2020), Dual-earner parent couples’ work and care during COVID-19, Gender, Work and Organization, 28, Suppl. 1), 66–79.
[13] De Cao, E., & Sandner, M., (2020), The potential impact of the COVID-19 on child abuse and neglect: The role of childcare and unemployment, VoxEU, May, 8.
[14] Fontanesi, L., Marchetti, D., Mazza, C., Di Giandomenico, S., Roma, P., & Verrocchio, M. C., (2020), The effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on parents: A call to adopt urgent measures, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S79.
[15] Fontenelle-Tereshchuk, D., (2021), ‘Homeschooling’ and the COVID-19 Crisis: The Insights of Parents on Curriculum and Remote Learning, Interchange, 1-25.
[16] Griffith, A. K., (2020), Parental burnout and Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Journal of family violence, 1-7.
[17] Hupkau, C., and Petrongolo, B., (2020), Work, Care and Gender During the COVID- 19 Crisis, A CEP COVID-19 analysis Paper No. 002, London: Centre for Economic Performance.
[18] Maslach - Pines, A., (2005), The burnout measure, short version, International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 77-78.
[19] Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P., (2017), Understanding burnout: New models. In C. L. Cooper & J. C.Quick, (Eds.), The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice, pp. 36–56, Wiley Blackwell, https://doi. org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch3.
[20] Mangiavacchi, L., Piccoli, L., and Pieroni, L., (2020), Fathers Matter: IntraHousehold Responsibilities and Children’s Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy, IZA DP No. 13519, Bonn: IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
[21] Matias, M., Aguiar, J., César, F., Braz, A. C., Barham, E. J., Leme, V., Elias, L., Gaspar, M. F., Mikolajczak, M., Roskam, I., & Fontaine, A. M., (2020), The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment: Transcultural adaptation and initial validity evidence, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 174, 67-83, https:// doi.org/10.1002/cad.20374.
[22] Marchetti, D., Fontanesi, L., Di Giandomenico, S., Mazza, C., Roma, P., & Verrocchio, M. C., (2020), The effect of parent psychological distress on child hyperactivity/inattention during the COVID-19 lockdown: testing the mediation of parent verbal hostility and child emotional symptoms, Frontiers in psychology, 11, 3417.
[23] Meeussen, L., & Van Laar, C., (2018), Feeling pressure to be a perfect mother relates to parental burnout and career ambitions, Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2113.
[24] Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., & Roskam, I., (2019), Parental burnout: What is it, and why does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1319-1329.
[25] Mikolajczak, M., & Roskam, I., (2020), Parental burnout: Moving the focus from children to parents, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2020(174), 7-13.
[26] Mousavi, S. F., (2020), Psychological well-being, marital satisfaction, and parental burnout in Iranian parents: The effect of home quarantine during COVID-19 outbreaks, Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3305.
[27] Musick, K., Meier, A., & Flood, S., (2016), How parents fare: Mothers’ and fathers’ subjective well-being in time with children, American Sociological Review, 81(5), 1069-1095.
[28] Nelson-Coffey, S. K., Killingsworth, M., Layous, K., Cole, S. W., & Lyubomirsky, S., (2019), Parenthood is associated with greater well- being for fathers than mothers, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(9), 1378-1390.
[29] Parkes, A., Sweeting, H., Wight, D., (2015), Parenting stress and parent support among mothers with high and low education, Journal of Family Psychology, 29(6):907–918. doi: 39.1037/fam0000129, [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar].
[30] Pew Research Center, (2020a), Most Americans Say Coronavirus Outbreak Has Impacted Their Lives, https://www.pewsocialtrends. org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/03/ PSDT_03.30.20_W64-COVID-19.Personal- impact-FULL-REPORT.pdf.
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[32] Prikhidko, A., & Swang, J. M., (2020), Exhausted parents experience of anger: The relationship between anger and burnout, The Family Journal, 28(3), 283-289. Rarkes, 2015.
[33] Roskam, I., Aguiar, J., Akgun, E., Arikan, G., Artavia, M., Avalosse, H., ... & Mikolajczak, M., (2021), Parental burnout around the globe: A 42-country study, Affective science, 2(1), 58- 79.
[34] Samuels, A., (2020), For millions of people, relief from the COVID-19 stimulus package remains out of reach, TIME, Retrieved from https://time.com/5816775/coronavirus- unemployment-stimulus/
[35] Skreden, M., Skari, H., Malt, U. F., Pripp, A. H., Björk, M. D., Faugli, A., & Emblem, R., (2012), Parenting stress and emotional wellbeing in mothers and fathers of preschool children, Scandinavian journal of public health, 40(7), 596-604.
[36] Sorkkila, M., & Aunola, K., (2020), Risk factors for parental burnout among Finnish parents: The role of socially prescribed perfectionism, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(3), 648-659.
[37] Séjourné, N., Sanchez-Rodriguez, R., Leboullenger, A., & Callahan, S., (2018), Maternal burn-out: an exploratory study, Journal of reproductive and infant psychology, 36(3), 276-288.
[38] Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M., (2020), Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1713.
[39] Syazwani Aniyah Manja, Iylia Mohamad, Hazhari Ismail, Nurul Izzah Yusof, (2020), Covid-19: The Investigation On The Emotional Parental Burnout During Movement Control Order In Malaysia, European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 2020, 7/2 4912-4929.
[40] Taub, A., (2020), A new Covid-19 crisis: Domestic abuse rises worldwide, The New York Times, 6, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/ world/coronavirus-domestic-violence.html
[41] Tesson, S., Swinsburg, D., & Kasparian, N. A., (2021), Maintaining momentum in infant mental health research during COVID-19: Adapting observational assessments, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 46(3), 254-263.
[42] UNESCO, (2020), COVID-19 impact on education, Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/ covid19/educationresponse
[43] Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N., (2020), The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 315.
[44] Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F., (2020), Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak, The Lancet, 395(10228), 945-947.